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Die sogenannte Verfassungsversammlung (englisch Consitutional Convention) der Republik Irland war ein im Jahr 2012 ins Leben gerufenes Verfahren der Bürgerbeteiligung zur Beratung von möglichen Änderungen der Verfassung des Landes.

Unter der offiziellen Bezeichnung The Convention on the Constitution (irisch An Coinbhinsiún ar an mBunreacht, etwa Die Versammlung zur Verfassung) trat sie am 1. Dezember 2012 zusammen und löste sich nach Erfüllung ihrer Aufgabe am 31. März 2014 auf. Der Verfassungsversammlung gehörten 100 Personen an, ein Vorsitzender, vier Vertreter der irischen Parteien, 29 Mitglieder des irischen Parlaments (Oireachtas und 66 zufällig ausgewählte irische Bürgerinnen und Bürger.

Die Verfassungsversammlung erhielt den Auftrag, acht verschiedenen Themen zu diskutieren und der Regierung Empfehlungen zu ihnen vorzulegen. Die Versammlung wählte sich selbst zwei weitere Themen und übergab schließlich neun Berichte. Die Regierung nahm in der Folge zu sechs Empfehlungen offiziell Stellung und ließ zwei Empfehlungen am 22. Mai 2015 einem Referendum unzerziehen. Die erste Vorlage griff die Empfehlung zur Einführung der gleichgeschlechtlichen Ehe auf und wurde vom Wahlvolk angenommen, die zweite Vorlage folgte der Empfehlung zur Senkung des passiven Wahlalters für das Amt des Präsidenten von 35 auf 21 Jahre und wurde verworfen.

Anlass und Hintergrund Bearbeiten

Verlauf der Beratungen Bearbeiten

Beratungsgegenstände und Ergebnisse Bearbeiten

Finanzierung Bearbeiten

Die Finanzierung der Verfassungsversammlung erfolgte aus dem Haushalt der Staatskanzlei (Department of the Taoiseach). Für das Haushaltsjahr 2012 wurde erstmals ein entsprechender Posten in das Budget eingestellt. Die tatsächlich erfolgten Ausgaben sind im jeweiligen Jahresbericht des Rechnungshofes (Comptroller and Auditor General of Ireland) verzeichnet. Neben den finanziellen Mitteln waren vier Mitarbeiter der Staatskanzlei für die Betreuung der Verfassungsversammlung abgestellt.

Die Gesamtkosten der Verfassungsversammlung betrugen 1,367 Millionen Euro.

Jahr Kosten ( 000 € ) Bemerkung Verweise
geplant verausgabt
2012 300 216 Angaben zur Planung laut einer im April 2012 aktualisierten Schätzung; die Verfassungsversammlung nahm im Dezember ihre Arbeit auf. [1][2][3]
2013 920 824 Einziges Jahr mit durchgängiger Tätigkeit der Verfassungsversammlung. [3]
2014 920 327 Die Schätzung erfolgte für ein ganzes Jahr, aber die Verfassungsversammlung löste sich im April auf. [4]


Öffentliche Wahrnehmung Bearbeiten

Einzelnachweise Bearbeiten

The Convention on the Constitution ()[5] was established in Ireland in 2012 to discuss proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland.[6][7] More commonly called simply the Constitutional Convention, it met for the first time 1 December 2012 and sat until 31 March 2014.[8] It had 100 members: a chairman; 29 members of the Oireachtas (parliament); four representatives of Northern Ireland political parties; and 66 randomly selected citizens of Ireland.

The Convention was mandated to consider eight specified issues, and also selected two others to discuss. The government was not obliged to proceed with any amendment proposal, but committed to respond formally to each recommendation and debate it in the Oireachtas. Vorlage:As of, the government had formally responded to six of the Convention's nine reports, and put two of its proposals to referendum on 22 May 2015: to mandate legal same-sex marriage and to reduce the age of eligibility for the presidency from 35 to 21. The former was accepted, and the latter rejected.

Operation Bearbeiten

The Convention was established pursuant to resolutions in each house of the Oireachtas in June 2012.[9][10][11] It was to meet on at least eight Saturdays over the course of a year.[12][13][14][15] The inaugural meeting was on 1 December 2012 at Dublin Castle,[14] and working sessions begin in late January 2013,[15] with later sessions to be held elsewhere in the state and in Northern Ireland.[12][13]

The plenary sessions are open to the public, and streamed live. The Convention's secretariat is called the Constitutional Convention Office, led by civil servants from the Department of the Taoiseach.[9][16] The Secretary is Art O’Leary, previously Director of Committees, Information and Communications of the Oireachtas, who is on secondment to the Department of the Taoiseach.[17][18][19]

Agenda Bearbeiten

The establishing resolution set the following agenda items:[9]

  1. reducing the presidential term of office to five years and aligning it with the local and European elections;
  2. reducing the voting age to 17;
  3. review of the Dáil electoral system;
  4. giving citizens resident outside the State the right to vote in presidential elections at Irish embassies, or otherwise;
  5. provision for same-sex marriage;
  6. amending the clause on the role of women in the home and encouraging greater participation of women in public life;
  7. increasing the participation of women in politics;
  8. removal of the offence of blasphemy from the Constitution; and
  9. following completion of the above reports, such other relevant constitutional amendments that may be recommended by it

The first two items were to be considered first, with recommendations due for report to the Oireachtas within two months of the Convention's first meeting.[9] The other specified issues were considered in turn until November 2013, and two other issues were then chosen, Dáil reform and Economic, social and cultural rights.[20]

Members Bearbeiten

Chair Bearbeiten

The chairman was appointed by the Government.[9] Finding a suitable willing candidate took longer than expected.[12] On 24 October 2012, it was announced that the chairman would be Tom Arnold, an economist who is chief executive of the charity Concern and chair of the trust which runs The Irish Times newspaper.[21] Arnold is being paid for his work, and was to step down from his role at Concern in 2013 as the Convention's workload increases.[22]

In January 2014, Arnold addressed the Seanad on the Convention's work to date. He listed the principles under which it operated as openness, fairness, equality of voice, efficiency, and collegiality.[23]

Citizens Bearbeiten

The 66 random citizens were chosen by a polling company to reflect the age, regional, and gender balance of the electorate.[14] For each of the 66, a similar-profile alternate was also selected.[14]

In the case of citizen members, only their names and county or Dublin postal district were published, rather than their full postal address.[24] This was agreed after the polling company, Behaviour and Attitudes, reported that some of those selected were worried about being "bombarded" by lobbyists and pressure groups.[25]

Legislators Bearbeiten

Thirty-three places were reserved for members of the legislatures of the Republic of Ireland (Oireachtas) and Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland Assembly). Six parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly were each invited to send one representative.[26] Four accepted, while the Democratic Unionist Party and Ulster Unionist Party declined, regarding the Convention as internal to the Republic.[27] The remaining places, 29 in the event, were divided between the Oireachtas groups so as to be "impartially representative of the Houses".[9] Each Oireachtas group is represented, roughly proportional to their total numbers in both houses (Dáil and Seanad), including the Dáil technical group and the Seanad independent group. Sinn Féin has a joint delegation from both legislatures.[28]

Assembly Party / group Number Members Alternates Ref
Oireachtas Fine Gael 000000000000012.000000000012 Charles Flanagan TD (head)
James Bannon TD
Jerry Buttimer TD
Regina Doherty TD
Frances Fitzgerald TD
Terence Flanagan TD
Tom Hayes TD
Derek Keating TD
Tony McLoughlin TD
Michelle Mulherin TD
Senator Catherine Noone
Mary Mitchell O'Connor TD 		Senator Colm Burke
Senator Paul Bradford
Senator Jim D'Arcy
Pat Deering TD
Alan Farrell TD
Senator Fidelma Healy Eames
Seán Kyne TD
Joe O'Reilly TD 		[26][29]
Oireachtas Labour Party 000000000000007.00000000007 Senator Ivana Bacik (head)
Ciara Conway TD
Robert Dowds TD
Anne Ferris TD
Senator Aideen Hayden
John Lyons TD
Michael McCarthy TD 		[30][24]
Oireachtas Fianna Fáil 000000000000004.00000000004 Seán Ó Fearghaíl TD
Séamus Kirk TD
Senator Averil Power
Senator Thomas Byrne		 [26]
Oireachtas Dáil technical group 000000000000002.00000000002 Catherine Murphy TD
Maureen O'Sullivan TD		 [31]
Oireachtas Seanad independents 000000000000002.00000000002 Senator Jillian van Turnhout
Senator Rónán Mullen		 [32]
Oireachtas +
Northern Ireland Assembly		 Sinn Féin 000000000000003.00000000003 (2 + 1) Gerry Adams TD
Mary Lou McDonald TD
Martin McGuinness MLA 		Aengus Ó Snodaigh TD
Senator David Cullinane
Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin TD
Senator Kathryn Reilly
Barry McElduff MLA
Caitríona Ruane MLA. 		[26][27][28][33]
Northern Ireland Assembly SDLP 000000000000001.00000000001 Alban Maginness MLA [27]
Northern Ireland Assembly Alliance Party 000000000000001.00000000001 Stewart Dickson MLA [27]
Northern Ireland Assembly Green Party in Northern Ireland 000000000000001.00000000001 Steven Agnew MLA [27][34]

Background Bearbeiten

Manifestos and Programme for Government Bearbeiten

Proposals for constitutional reform were in the main parties' manifestos for the February 2011 general election.[35] Fine Gael proposed a "Constitution Day" series of referendums and a citizens' assembly on electoral reform.[36] Fianna Fáil also proposed a citizen's assembly.[37] The Labour Party, Sinn Féin, and the Green Party each proposed the drafting of new constitution, respectively by a 90-member "constitutional convention",[38] an "all-Ireland Constitutional Forum",[39] and a "Citizens Assembly".[40] Fine Gael and Labour produced a Programme for Government in March and formed a coalition government.[6] The coalition's Programme said:[6][41] Vorlage:Quote Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin commented "The Constitutional Convention appears to be Fine Gael's Citizen's Assembly but with Labour's preferred title".[42] Noel Whelan wrote in The Irish Times in 2012, "The programme for government did not define what it meant by a constitutional convention, did not detail its likely composition and was silent on what would happen to any recommendations."[35]

Establishment Bearbeiten

In February 2012, the government proposed that the convention would have 100 members, as follows:[6]

The plan did not envisage direct participation by social partners or other interest groups,[6] but they would be able to make written submissions.[44] The government also proposed that the first two items for consideration would be lowering the voting age from 18 to 17, and reducing the President's term of office.[6]

Issues upon which the government had already committed to holding a referendum would not be within the Convention's remit.[45]

Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin and the Dáil technical group discussed the proposals in March.[46] They reported back to the government in April,[47] and the government responded in June.[1][48] In regard to acting on the Convention's recommendations, the response stated:[1]

The Government will commit to giving a public response, through the Oireachtas, to each recommendation from the Convention within four months. It will arrange for a debate in the Oireachtas on that response in each case. In the event the Government accepts a recommendation that the Constitution be amended, the Government's public response will include a timeframe for the holding of a referendum.

On 19 June 2012, the Seanad passed a Fianna Fáil motion that the government's proposal to abolish the Seanad should be referred to the Convention.[49] Three Labour senators (John Kelly, James Heffernan, and Denis Landy) defied the party whip to support the motion.[49][50]

A resolution establishing the Convention in the names of the Taoiseach and Tánaiste was passed in the Dáil on 10 July 2012:[9] A similar resolution was passed by the Seanad on 12 July.[10][11] Originally one hour was allocated for its debate; senators spent 90 minutes debating procedural motions about whether to extend the time to two hours,[11][51] after which the resolution was passed without debate.[11][52]

The Electoral (Amendment) Act 2012[53] was introduced to allow the electoral register to be used to provide the names of the citizen members of the Convention.[54] While existing law allows the register to be used for any "statutory purpose", the Convention was not established by statute.[55] The bill passed all stages in the Dáil on 11 July[56] and in the Seanad on 12 July,[57] and signed by the President on 18 July.[53][54]

Although in June the Taoiseach envisaged the Convention beginning work in September,[58] he said in October there was a delay because of the difficulty of finding a chairperson.[12] The initial resolution specified that the Convention would complete its business within 12 months of its first meeting, hence by 1 December 2013.[9][14] In August 2013, the chairman asked for an extension, which was granted by the government and then retrospectively approved by a resolution on 29 January 2014, extending its term until 31 March 2014.[59][8]

Budget Bearbeiten

The Convention's budget was included under the Department of the Taoiseach; as such the annual budget made provision for it and the following year's report of the Comptroller and Auditor General gave the amount actually spent. Four civil servants from the Department of the Taoiseach worked for the Convention.[3] The total cost for three years was €1.367m.[60]

Year Cost ( 000 € ) Notes Refs
Provisioned Outlaid
2012 300 216 Provisioned in a revised estimate in April 2012 [1][61][3]
2013 920 824 Full year of operation. [3]
2014 920 327 The estimate was for a full year, but the Convention finished in April. [4]

Deliberations Bearbeiten

Tom Arnold summarised the Convention's working methods thus:[62]

The Convention met over 10 weekends of a day and a half. Each meeting had three components: presentation by experts of papers which had been circulated in advance; debate between groups advocating on either side of an issue; and roundtable discussions involving facilitators and notetakers. On Sunday morning the members considered again the discussions of the previous day and voted on a ballot paper which reflected the details of the debate.

Summary Bearbeiten

Issue/report Convention recommendations Government response
Reducing the President's term of office from seven to five years, and aligning with the European Parliament elections and local elections No change to term of office; but supplementary recommendations were made:[63]
Reducing the voting age from 18 to 17 Reduce to 16 The government's July 2013 response promised a referendum by 2015.[63] In January 2015, it reversed the decision, arguing that other referendums should take priority.[65]
Amending the clause on the role of women in the home and encouraging greater participation of women in public life Various:[66]
  1. Use gender-neutral language
  2. Include carers outside the home as well as those inside
  3. Requirement for gender equality
  4. No requirement for positive measures to increase participation of women
 Various:[67]
  1. Feasibility study commissioned, due to the large number of textual changes required
  2. Accepted, with no timeframe for introduction of the amendment
  3. Formal department of Justice review to be completed by 31 October 2014
  4. N/A
Provision for the legalisation of same-sex marriage Add a statement requiring (rather than merely allowing) legalisation.[68] A referendum was held on the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution (Marriage Equality) Bill 2015 on 22 May 2015. It was approved by 62% to 38%.[69]
Review Dáil electoral system Various:[70]
  1. Retain single transferable vote rather than changing to mixed member system
  2. Increase minimum size of Dáil constituency from three to five TDs
  3. Establish an electoral commission
  4. Randomise order of candidates on ballot paper
  5. Extend polling hours
  6. Extend access to postal voting
  7. Improve accuracy of electoral register
  8. Permit non-Oireachtas ministers
  9. Require ministers to resign Oireachtas seats
  10. Permit legislation by popular initiative
 Some of the proposals do not require constitutional amendment.[71] The formal oral response was in December 2014;[72] a written answer in April 2015 dealt with some points not addressed by the first response.[73]
  1. Agreed
  2. Rejected; current sizes have "served the State well since 1948"
  3. Agreed (see Electoral Commission (Ireland))
  4. Let electoral commission decide
  5. Let electoral commission decide
  6. Let electoral commission decide
  7. Agreed; "will continue to work with stakeholders"
  8. Unelected ministers are possible if the Taoiseach nominates someone to the Senate and then appoints them to the cabinet.[73]
  9. Rejected, because replacing ministers would trigger by-elections, and ministers would need to be returned automatically at the next election to free them from constituency work.[73]
  10. Public involvement in legislation has increased thanks to the Oireachtas Public Service Oversight and Petitions Committee and pre-legislative scrutiny.[73]
Giving citizens resident outside the State the right to vote in Presidential elections Recommended.[74] Formal response scheduled for 26 May 2015 but pre-empted by other business.[75][76] Made in January 2016 it was that the government was "committed to undertaking ... analysis" of the "complex and inter-related issues" involved.[77] In March 2015, the government said "policy, legal and practical issues" on diaspora voting should be considered by the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Minister of State with responsibility for diaspora affairs;[76][78] in October 2015, Paudie Coffey said this work had begun.[79]
Removing the requirement to criminalise blasphemy Replace with a ban on incitement to religious hatred.[80] In October 2014, junior minister Aodhán Ó Ríordáin said a referendum would be held after a decision has been taken on whether or how the proposed amendment should address incitement to religious hatred.[81] In January 2015, the Taoiseach said a referendum would not be held in 2015, and he did not expect one before the next general election.[82]
Issues chosen by the Convention, no.1: Dáil Reform[20] Various:[83]
  1. Ceann Comhairle given "more status" and elected by secret ballot
  2. Mention committees in Constitution
  3. Allow backbenchers and opposition to make appropriation motions, instead of requiring cabinet pre-approval.
  4. Various other non-constitutional changes
 [77]
  1. Accepted secret ballot and statement of status; rejected some of the specific details
  2. Accepted
  3. Rejected
  4. Some accepted, others referred to the Dáil reform sub-committee
Issues chosen by the Convention, no.2: Economic, social and cultural rights (ESC)[20] Insert provision that the State shall progressively realise ESC rights, subject to maximum available resources and that this duty is cognisable by the Courts.[84] Refer report to an Oireachtas committee.[77]
Final report Establish another convention; issues recommended for discussion:
  1. environment
  2. Seanad reform
  3. local government reform
 Future convention and agenda "matters for the next Government"; relevant past actions include:[77]
  1. Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 "sets out the national objective of moving to a low-carbon, climate-resilient and environmentally-sustainable economy"
  2. Bill to implement extend university Senate franchise
  3. Local Government Reform Act 2014

Presidential elections, voting age Bearbeiten

The first plenary session took place over the weekend of 26 and 27 January 2013. The topics of deliberation of this first session included, among other things, lowering the voting age, reducing the length of the presidential term of office, and aligning presidential elections with those for local authorities and the European Parliament. The following are some of the more important results from the first plenary session.[85] Of the delegates who were present and voted, 52% voted in favour of reducing the voting age, while 47% voted against any such reduction.[86] 38% of delegates voted that, if the voting age were to be reduced, it should be reduced to 17; 48% voted in favour of it being reduced to 16. As for the issue of making changes related to the office of the president, 57% voted against and 43% voted in favour of a reduction in the presidential term. 80% of delegates cast their vote against aligning presidential with local and European elections. 94% of delegates voted in favour of giving citizens a greater say in the nomination of presidential candidates.

Role of women Bearbeiten

The second plenary session took place over the weekend of 16 and 17 February 2013. The topics of deliberation of this second session included, among other things, amending the Constitution to place a duty on the Irish State to enhance women’s participation in politics and public life, and altering Article 41.2.1 of the Constitution related to women in the home.[87] 50% of delegates voted against and 49% in favour of placing a positive duty on the State to take action to increase women’s participation in politics and public life. 97% of delegates voted in favour of the following statement: “Leaving aside the Constitution, would you like to see more government action to encourage greater participation of women in politics and public life?” 89% of delegates agreed that the Constitution should be amended to include “gender-inclusive” language. 62% of delegates supported and 37% were against the Constitution being amended to include an “explicit provision on gender equality”. 88% of delegates disagreed that Article 41.2.1 should be left unchanged. 98% of delegates voted that were Article 41.2.1 to be changed, it should be made “gender-neutral” to include other careers in the home.

Issues chosen by the Convention Bearbeiten

The terms of reference allowed the Convention to consider "other issues, time permitting". These were originally scheduled for discussion on 30 November–1 December 2013, just before the anniversary of its inaugural ceremonial meeting.[88] A May 2013 motion to consider the proposed abolition of the Seanad was defeated.[89]

The Convention announced on 14 October 2013 a series of meetings at which the general public was invited to suggest topics for the Convention to consider. The meetings took place between 23 October and 25 November, in Cork, Galway, Waterford, Dublin, Sligo, Athlone, and Monaghan. These meetings supplement the pre-existing facility to submit online proposals, of which "a couple of thousand" had been received by the time of the announcement.[90]

In December 2013, two topics were chosen: Dáil reform and Economic, Social and Cultural (ESC) rights.[20] These were discussed in February 2014.[20]

In February 2014, the convention recommended for inclusion in the Constitution the following ESC rights: right to housing; social security; essential health care; disability rights; linguistic and cultural rights; and rights covered in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[84]

Delayed response Bearbeiten

Although the resolution required the government to respond officially within four months of receiving a report from the Convention, this deadline was missed for the fourth and subsequent reports, for which no formal response was made by the time the Dáil adjourned for its summer recess on 17 July 2014.[91] The Taoiseach apologised and blamed the delay on the time taken by civil servants to analyse the reports prior to their being considered by the cabinet.[91][92] He stated that "Obviously, the Government will not be able to hold all the referendums and must make a decision on what ones it should hold in conjunction with the marriage equality referendum next spring."[92]

In November 2015, Kenny responded to Seán Ó Fearghaíl:[93]

I have given an undertaking — I might need the Deputy's help — to set aside time in the remaining weeks of this Dáil session for a proper debate here on the outstanding reports from the Constitutional Convention. Some of the issues it raised actually required quite a deal of work in different Departments. I have given that undertaking and I hope to be able to honour it.

In December 2015, Kenny accepted responsibility for the delay again.[94] Responses to the four remaining reports were delivered on 14 January 2016 by junior ministers Paul Kehoe and Ann Phelan.[77]

Criticisms Bearbeiten

Noel Whelan described the February 2012 proposal as "something that is one part Oireachtas committee and two parts focus group, with an advisory role only and which will, at least initially, deal with what are essentially insignificant constitutional provisions".[35]

Fintan O'Toole in June 2012 compared the Convention to the Citizens Union, a reformist political organisation which Tammany Hall did not bother suppressing so long as did not threaten its hegemony.[95] Twenty NGOs produced an open letter calling for the Convention to examine human rights.[96][97]

In the debate on the July Dáil resolution, opposition politicians criticised the composition, agenda, and limited power of the proposed Convention.[9][98] Later in July, the Patrick MacGill summer school in Glenties had a seminar with academics and politicians discussing the Convention.[99]

An Irish Times editorial called the Convention "all form and little substance".[100] An editorial in the Irish Independent described it as "unelected and powerless".[101] Stephen Collins wrote that the November 2012 referendum on children's rights, with low turnout and unexpectedly high No-vote, suggested "putting such relatively minor issues [as those of the Convention] to the people in a referendum could easily rebound".

Matthew Wall of Swansea University wrote in July 2013 that he was impressed by the Convention's operation and the substance of its reports, and hopeful that the government would not simply reject any recommendations it found inconvenient.[102]

In January 2015, Harry McGee of The Irish Times wrote, "Only two of 18 recommendations for constitutional change made by the Convention on the Constitution are to be put to referendum."[103] In March 2015, David Farrell commended the level of public engagement with the Convention and its efficient use of its small budget, but said its credibility was undermined by the government's dismissive responses.[104] Fintan O'Toole similarly praised the Convention's work, and suggested the government's tepid response would increase public cynicism with politics.[105]

In November 2016, David Van Reybrouck commended the Constitutional Convention and its successor the Citizens' Assembly as models that other European countries could usefully imitate.[106]

Citizens' Assembly Bearbeiten

Taoiseach Enda Kenny said in June 2015 that "While there was unanimous support for a second convention in the [Convention's final] report, it was acknowledged that this is an exercise that can only be achieved once in the lifetime of any Dáil".[76]

In the buildup to 2016 general election, various politicians proposed changes to Irish abortion law, including repeal of the Eighth Amendment. In November 2015, Kenny promised "a Citizen's Convention on the constitution, or whatever title would be appropriate" to address the issue.[107][108]

The Fine Gael–independent minority government formed after the 2016 election has committed to establishing "a Citizens' Assembly, within six months, and without participation by politicians, and with a mandate to look at a limited number of key issues over an extended time period."[109] The Assembly will not be restricted to constitutional issues, but three such issues specifically mentioned are the Eighth Amendment, fixed term parliaments, and "the manner in which referenda are held (e.g. should ‘super referendum days’, whereby a significant number of referenda take place on the same day, be held)."[109]

See also Bearbeiten

References Bearbeiten

Vorlage:Reflist

External links Bearbeiten

Vorlage:Amendments of the Constitution of Ireland

[[Category:Constitution of Ireland]] [[Category:2012 in Irish politics]] [[Category:Amendments of the Constitution of Ireland]] [[Category:Constitutional conventions (political meeting)|Ireland]]

  1. ↑ a b c d Government of the 31st Dáil: Government Response to Opposition Views on the Proposal to Establish a Constitutional Convention. (MS Word) 7. Juni 2012, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2012.
  2. ↑ Department of the Taoiseach group of Revised Estimates. In: Select Sub-Committee on the Department of the Taoiseach. 19. April 2012, S. 3, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2012.
  3. ↑ a b c d e Vote 2 Department of the Taoiseach. (PDF) In: Appropriation Accounts 2013. Comptroller and Auditor General, September 2014, S. 39, 41, abgerufen am 9. November 2015.
  4. ↑ a b Vote 2 Department of the Taoiseach. (PDF) In: Appropriation Accounts 2014. Comptroller and Auditor General, September 2015, S. 42, abgerufen am 9. November 2015.
  5. ↑ Constitutional Convention website. Abgerufen am 20. Mai 2013.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Constitutional Convention. In: Government Proposals. Irish Government News Service, 28. Februar 2012, abgerufen am 26. März 2012.
  7. ↑ Reform body to meet next month In: The Irish Times, 5 November 2012. Abgerufen im 16 November 2012 
  8. ↑ a b Convention on the Constitution: Motion. In: Dáil Éireann debates. 29. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 4. Februar 2014.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Constitutional Convention: Motion. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 10. Juli 2012, S. Vol.772 No.1 p.25, abgerufen am 16. November 2012.
  10. ↑ a b Constitutional Convention: Motion. In: Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 12. Juli 2012, S. Vol.216 No.12 p.8, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  11. ↑ a b c d Jimmy Walsh: Establishment of convention motion passed without debate In: The Irish Times, 13 July 2012 
  12. ↑ a b c d Constitutional Convention to meet on Saturdays In: RTÉ.ie, 9 October 2012. Abgerufen im 24 October 2012 
  13. ↑ a b Dáil debates 9 October 2012 Vol.773 No.12 pp.18–23
  14. ↑ a b c d e Gavan Reilly: Constitutional Convention aims to begin discussions next month In: thejournal.ie, 21 September 2012. Abgerufen im 24 October 2012 
  15. ↑ a b Déaglán de Bréadún: President welcome at reform discussion In: The Irish Times, 7 November 2012. Abgerufen im 16 November 2012 
  16. ↑ Organisation Chart. Department of Taoiseach, abgerufen am 19. November 2012.
  17. ↑ Conference on Social Media and Public Services. Department of Justice and Equality, 3. Oktober 2012, abgerufen am 25. November 2012: „Mr Art O’Leary, Secretary to the Constitutional Convention“
  18. ↑ Committee Secretariat (Joint and Select Committees), Information and Communications. In: Houses of the Oireachtas Service. Oireachtas, 15. August 2011, abgerufen am 25. November 2012.
  19. ↑ Organisation Structure October 2012. (PDF) In: Houses of the Oireachtas Service. Oktober 2012, abgerufen am 25. November 2012: „Art O’Leary and Elaine Gunn, Principal Officers, are on secondment to the Department of the Taoiseach“
  20. ↑ a b c d e Vorlage:Cite press release
  21. ↑ Marie O'Halloran: Arnold named chair of reform body In: The Irish Times, 24 October 2012 
  22. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  23. ↑ Address to Seanad Éireann by Mr. Tom Arnold. In: Seanad Éireann debates. 16. Januar 2014, abgerufen am 4. Februar 2014.
  24. ↑ a b Members of the Convention. Constitutional Convention, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2013.
  25. ↑ Harry McGee: Citizens on Constitution body to have anonymity In: The Irish Times, 15 November 2012. Abgerufen im 16 November 2012 
  26. ↑ a b c d Juno McEnroe: McGuinness to represent SF on convention panel In: Irish Examiner, 14 September 2012. Abgerufen im 16 November 2012 
  27. ↑ a b c d e Mary Minihan: Unionist parties decline invitation In: The Irish Times, 1 December 2012. Abgerufen im 2 December 2012 
  28. ↑ a b Vorlage:Cite press release
  29. ↑ Fine Gael picks members for Constitutional Convention. Iona Institute, 23. November 2012, abgerufen am 24. November 2012.
  30. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  31. ↑ Maureen O'Sullivan: Cuban5 Community Meetings Teaching Council INOU Constitutional Council Dáil Returns. 17. September 2012, abgerufen am 16. November 2012: „the other speaker was fellow Independent Catherine Murphy TD ... Both Catherine and I are on the Constitutional Convention“
  32. ↑ Constitutional Convention meets for first time this afternoon. In: TheJournal.ie. 1. Dezember 2012, abgerufen am 2. Dezember 2012.
  33. ↑ The Constitutional Convention. (PDF) In: Uniting Ireland. Sinn Féin, abgerufen am 24. November 2012.
  34. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  35. ↑ a b c Noel Whelan: Constitutional convention will have its remit severely pruned In: The Irish Times, 25 February 2012. Abgerufen im 26 March 2012 
  36. ↑ Fine Gael Manifesto. RTÉ, 2011, S. 7, archiviert vom Original am 7. März 2012; abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  37. ↑ Real Plan Better Future; Fianna Fáil manifesto 2011. RTÉ, 2011, S. 31, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  38. ↑ Labour's Manifesto 2011. (PDF) RTÉ, 2011, S. 46, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  39. ↑ Sinn Féin General Election Manifesto 2011. RTÉ, S. 33, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  40. ↑ Playing to Our Strengths: Green Party Manifesto 2011. RTÉ, S. 13, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  41. ↑ Programme for Government 2011. Department of the Taoiseach, archiviert vom Original am 7. Juni 2011; abgerufen am 26. März 2012.
  42. ↑ Dáil statement by Party Leader Micheál Martin TD on the Programme for Government. Fianna Fáil, 15. März 2011, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  43. ↑ Brendan Howlin: Address to 2011 MacGill Forum. Department of Public Expenditure and Reform, 14. Dezember 2011, abgerufen am 9. April 2012.
  44. ↑ Enda Kenny: Written Answers - Constitutional Convention. In: Dáil debates. Oireachtas, 6. März 2012, S. Vol.758 No.1 p.52, abgerufen am 27. März 2012.
  45. ↑ Enda Kenny: Private Members' Business - Constitutional Convention. In: Dáil debates. Oireachtas, 13. März 2012, S. Vol.758 No.4 p.62, abgerufen am 27. März 2012.
  46. ↑ Deaglán de Bréadún: Major role for voters in Constitution review In: The Irish Times, 29 February 2012. Abgerufen im 26 March 2012 
  47. ↑ Written Answers - Constitutional Convention. In: Dáil debates. Oireachtas, 24. April 2012, abgerufen am 5. Mai 2012.
  48. ↑ Government Response to Opposition Views on the Proposal to Establish a Constitutional Convention. In: MerrionStreet.ie. Government of Ireland, 7. Juni 2012, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2012.
  49. ↑ a b Seanad Reform: Motion. In: Seanad debates. Oireachtas, 20. Juni 2012, S. Vol.216 No.2 p.10, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2012.
  50. ↑ Fionnan Sheahan: Labour senators break ranks on debate In: Irish Independent, 21 June 2012. Abgerufen im 26 June 2012 
  51. ↑ Order of Business. In: Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 12. Juli 2012, S. Vol.216 No.12 p.4, abgerufen am 13. Juli 2012.
  52. ↑ Business of Seanad. In: Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 12. Juli 2012, S. Vol.216 No.12 p.7, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  53. ↑ a b Electoral (Amendment) Act 2012 Irish Statute Book
  54. ↑ a b Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2012 (Number 61 of 2012). In: Bills 1992–2012. Oireachtas, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  55. ↑ Electoral (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2012: Second Stage. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 11. Juli 2012, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  56. ↑ Table of Contents. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 11. Juli 2012, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  57. ↑ Table of Contents. In: Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 12. Juli 2012, abgerufen am 14. Juli 2012.
  58. ↑ Enda Kenny: Convention will be vehicle for profound social reform In: The Irish Times, 11 July 2012 
  59. ↑ Constitution convention may examine Seanad role In: Irish Examiner, 7 October 2013. Abgerufen im 4 February 2014 
  60. ↑ Sum of figures from the table.
  61. ↑ Department of the Taoiseach group of Revised Estimates. In: Select Sub-Committee on the Department of the Taoiseach. 19. April 2012, S. 3, abgerufen am 26. Juni 2012.
  62. ↑ Tom Arnold: Inside the Convention on the Constitution In: The Irish Times, 1 April 2014 
  63. ↑ a b c Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 18. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  64. ↑ Referendum 2015. Referendum Returning Officer, archiviert vom Original am 29. Juli 2015; abgerufen am 31. Juli 2015.
  65. ↑ Órla Ryan: Enda accused of ‘betraying’ young people by scrapping voting age referendum In: TheJournal.ie, 15 January 2015. Abgerufen im 26 January 2015 
  66. ↑ Voting Results: 'Women in the Home' and the Participation of Women in Politics/Public Life. Constitutional Convention, 17. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  67. ↑ Second Report of the Convention on the Constitution: Statements. In: Dáil debates. 10. Oktober 2013, S. 10–11, abgerufen am 14. Oktober 2013.
  68. ↑ Same-sex marriage report submitted to Government by Convention on the Constitution. Constitutional Convention, 2. Juli 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  69. ↑ Referendum 2015. Referendum Returning Officer, archiviert vom Original am 9. August 2015; abgerufen am 31. Juli 2015.
  70. ↑ Press Release. Convention on the Constitution, 9. Juni 2013, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  71. ↑ Constitutional Convention Recommendations. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 4. November 2014, S. 26–27, abgerufen am 21. November 2014.
  72. ↑ Fourth Report of the Constitutional Convention on the Dáil Electoral System: Statements (Continued). In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 18. Dezember 2014, S. no.47, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2015.
  73. ↑ a b c d Written Answer No.225: Constitutional Convention Recommendations. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 21. April 2015, S. 56, abgerufen am 30. Oktober 2015.
  74. ↑ Constitutional Convention recommends overseas presidential vote, RTÉ, 29 September 2013. Abgerufen im 30 September 2013 
  75. ↑ Tuesday 26 May 2015. In: Dáil Éireann Order of Business. Oireachtas, abgerufen am 27. November 2015.
  76. ↑ a b c Enda Kenny: Constitutional Convention Recommendations (Continued). In: Dáil Éireann debates. 9. Juni 2015, abgerufen am 27. November 2015.
  77. ↑ a b c d e Convention on the Constitution Final Reports: Statements. In: Dáil Éireann debates. 14. Januar 2016, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2016.
  78. ↑ Minister Deenihan address to the Seanad on Global Irish: Ireland’s Diaspora Policy. In: MerrionStreet.ie. Government of Ireland, 10. März 2015, abgerufen am 27. November 2015: „But we cannot ignore the fact that this is not straightforward and there are a number of policy, legal and practical issues that have to be thoroughly considered. The Government has asked Minister Kelly in cooperation with Minister Flanagan and myself to analyse these issues and report back to Government and that is what we will do.“
  79. ↑ Report of the Joint Committee on European Union Affairs on Voting Rights of Irish Citizens Abroad: Motion (Continued). In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 23. Oktober 2015, abgerufen am 27. November 2015.
  80. ↑ Ruadhán Mac Cormaic: Convention recommends replacing blasphemy offence In: The Irish Times, 3 November 2013 
  81. ↑ Sixth Report of the Constitutional Convention - Blasphemy: Statements. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 2. Oktober 2014, S. 11, abgerufen am 21. November 2014.
  82. ↑ Taoiseach's Meetings and Engagements (Continued). In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 20. Januar 2015, abgerufen am 27. Januar 2015: „To be honest with the Deputy, I do not expect another referendum in the lifetime of the Government.“
  83. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  84. ↑ a b Vorlage:Cite press release
  85. ↑ Video of the Concluding Remarks of the Chairman.
  86. ↑ The number of voting delegates is not noted orally or in the slides during the chairman’s concluding remarks.
  87. ↑ Mary Minihan: Convention favours gender equality and change to ‘women in home’ clause In: The Irish Times, 18 February 2013 
  88. ↑ Calendar for 2013. Constitutional Convention, abgerufen am 14. August 2013.
  89. ↑ Fiach Kelly: Convention rejects call for Seanad debate In: Irish Independent, 20 May 2013. Abgerufen im 14 August 2013 
  90. ↑ Constitutional Convention announces public meetings nationwide In: Irish Examiner, 14 October 2013 
  91. ↑ a b Written Answers No.123: Constitutional Convention Recommendations (30774/14). In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 15. Juli 2014, S. 55, abgerufen am 28. Juli 2014.
  92. ↑ a b Order of Business. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 9. Juli 2014, S. 21, abgerufen am 28. Juli 2014.
  93. ↑ Order of Business (Continued). In: Dáil Éireann debates. 18. November 2015, abgerufen am 27. November 2015.
  94. ↑ Order of Business. In: Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas, 15. Dezember 2015, abgerufen am 4. Januar 2016.
  95. ↑ Fintan O'Toole: Tammany Hall lives on in feeble reforms In: The Irish Times, 26 June 2012. Abgerufen im 5 July 2012 
  96. ↑ Press Association: Appeal over constitutional convention In: The Irish Times, 27 June 2012. Abgerufen im 14 July 2012 
  97. ↑ Vorlage:Cite press release
  98. ↑ Marie O'Halloran: Taoiseach stresses role of citizens in new body In: The Irish Times, 11 July 2012 
  99. ↑ A Broad Agenda of Reform for the Constitutional Convention. In: 2012 Patrick MacGill summer school. Donegal County Council, 24. Juli 2012, abgerufen am 24. November 2012.
  100. ↑ The way politics is done In: The Irish Times, 12 July 2012 
  101. ↑ Fine words don't do Collins justice In: Irish Independent, 20 August 2012. Abgerufen im 24 October 2012 
  102. ↑ Matthew Wall: Column: Change we can believe in? Ireland’s Constitutional Convention has delivered In: TheJournal.ie, 27 July 2013. Abgerufen im 2 November 2013 
  103. ↑ Harry McGee: Only two proposals for Constitution referendum In: The Irish Times, 26 January 2015. Abgerufen im 28 January 2015 
  104. ↑ David Farrell: : Constitutional Convention ‘brand’ is in jeopardy In: The Irish Times, 17 March 2015. Abgerufen im 20 March 2015 
  105. ↑ Fintan O'Toole: : How hopes raised by the Constitutional Convention were dashed In: The Irish Times, 3 March 2015. Abgerufen im 20 March 2015 
  106. ↑ Joe Humphreys: Why Ireland’s citizens’ assembly is a model for Europe In: The Irish Times, 27 November 2016. Abgerufen im 30 November 2016 
  107. ↑ Lise Hand: Taoiseach denies rift with Fine Gael deputy leader Minister Reilly over abortion referendum - Independent.ie In: Irish Independent, 27 November 2015 
  108. ↑ Kenny would call forum on abortion if re-elected In: RTÉ News, RTÉ.ie, 27 November 2015 
  109. ↑ a b A Programme for a Partnership Government. (PDF) Government of Ireland, 11. Mai 2016, S. 153, abgerufen am 1. Juni 2016.
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