Vorlage:Infobox artwork Der Sacred Cod (dt.: „Heiliger Kabeljau“) ist eine 4 ft 11 in (ca. 1,5 m) lange Holzskulptur eines Atlantischen Kabeljau, „nach dem Leben bemalt“, die im Sitzungssaal des Repräsentantenhauses von Massachusetts im Massachusetts State House hängt. Er soll als „historisches und bleibendes Symbol“ an die Bedeutung des Kabeljaufangs für die Wirtschaft des US-Bundesstaates Massachusetts erinnern.[1]
Im Laufe seiner Geschichte gab es drei Ausführungen dieser Skulptur. Die erste – falls sie überhaupt existierte, nach verlässlichen Quellen handelt es sich hierbei um eine erfundene Tradition – ging 1747 bei einem Brand verloren, die zweite verschwand während der Amerikanischen Revolution, während die dritte Version sich bis heute im Parlamentsgebäude befindet.
Sacred Cod ist kein offizieller Name. Die Bezeichnung entstand 1895, kurz nachdem die Schnitzerei von einem Parlamentsausschuss als „geheiligtes Emblem“ bezeichnet wurde. Dieser Ausschuss wurde gebildet, um „die Bedeutung des Emblems zu untersuchen, [das] seinen Platz unter jedweder Regierung behielt, und mehr als hundert Jahre lang auf das Gehen und Kommen der parlamentarischen Versammlungen herabsah“.[2]
Soon sacred cod was being used in reference to actual codfish as well, in recognition of the creature's role in building Massachusetts' prosperity and influence since early colonial times.
In 1933 the Sacred Cod was briefly "Cod-napped" by editors of the Harvard Lampoon, prompting police to drag the Charles River and search an airplane landing in New Jersey. In 1968 it was taken briefly again, this time by students at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
A fish figure is displayed in the State House Senate chamber as wellVorlage:Mdashba brass casting (sometimes called the Holy Mackerel) above its central chandelier.Vorlage:Refn
Significance Bearbeiten
Vorlage:Quote box Vorlage:Clear left Codfishing was the first industry practiced by Europeans in Massachusetts, and it is said that the colony's first export was a cargo of fish.Vorlage:Ran Thus the codfish has been an important New England symbol for centuries, its image appearing on many early coins, stamps, corporate and government seals, and insignia such as the early crest of the Salem Gazette. In 1743 a prominent Salem businessman built a mansion in which "the end of every stair in his spacious hall [displayed] a carved and gilded codfish."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Ran
In the late 1920sVorlage:Refn an "amusing" (as H. P. Lovecraft termed it)Vorlage:Refn codfish emblem appeared briefly, "totem-like",Vorlage:Refn on Massachusetts license plates. Vorlage:Clear
History Bearbeiten
“Poised high aloft the old hall of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, riding serenely the sound waves of debate, unperturbed by the ebb and flow of enactment and repeal or the desultory storms that vexed the nether depths of oratory, there has hung through immemorial years an ancient codfish, quaintly wrought in wood and painted to the life.
Humble the subject and homely the design; yet this painted image bears on its finny front a majesty greater than the dignity that art can lend to graven gold or chiselled marble.
The sphere it fills is vaster than that through which its prototype careered with all the myriad tribes of the great deep.
The lessons that may be learned of it are nobler than any to be drawn from what is beautiful; for this sedate and solitary fish is instinct with memories and prophecy, like an oracle. It swims symbolic in that wider sea whose confines are the limits set to the activities of human thought. It typifies to the citizens of the Commonwealth and of the world the founding of a State. It commemorates Democracy. It celebrates the rise of free institutions. It emphasizes progress. It epitomizes Massachusetts.”
What is now called the Sacred Cod has hung for three centuriesVorlage:Mdashbthough with interruptions, and in at least two (and possibly three) successive incarnationsVorlage:Mdashbin the chamber of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (or its predecessor, the House of Assembly of the Province of Massachusetts Bay).
First Cod Bearbeiten
Of the Cod's first incarnation, the Committee on History of the Emblem of the Codfish (appointed by the House in 1895) wrote: Vorlage:Quote Assuming it existed and whatever its origin, when the State House burned in 1747 "this prehistoric creature of traditionVorlage:Nbsp... doubtless went up in a whirl of smoke which still clouds its history to the peering vision of the antiquarian."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Ran
Second Cod Bearbeiten
A second Cod appeared sometime between 1748 (when the State House was rebuilt) and 1773 (when Thomas Crafts, Jr. billed the Province of Massachusetts Bay, "To painting Codfish, 15 shillings"). But within a few years, the Committee wrote, the second Cod Vorlage:Quote The Committee found "good reason to believe that this missing fishVorlage:Nbsp... was carved by one John Welch, a Boston patriot".Vorlage:NoteTag
Third Cod Bearbeiten
The third Cod was installed in 1784, after Representative John RoweVorlage:Mdashbnamesake of Rowes Wharf and "a leading spirit in the stirring scenes that led up to the famous 'Boston Tea PartyVorlage:'"Vorlage:HspVorlage:RanVorlage:Mdashbasked leave "to hang up the representation of a Cod Fish in the room where the House sit, as a memorial of the importance of the Cod-Fishery to the welfare of this Commonwealth, as had been usual formerlyVorlage:Nbsp... And so the emblem was suspended" in the old State House once again, and this Cod (which Rowe may have underwritten personally) is the one extant today.Vorlage:Ran
In 1798 it was moved to the Representatives chamber in the new State House,Vorlage:Ran where it originally hung over the Speaker's desk. In the 1850s it was moved to the rear of the chamber.Vorlage:NoteTag
Committee on History of the Emblem of the Codfish Bearbeiten
On JanuaryVorlage:Nbsp2, 1895Vorlage:Mdashbthe House's last day of business before relocating to a new chamber in the same buildingVorlage:Mdash Vorlage:Quote Accordingly, after "nearly two months of painstaking research and investigation" the three-member Committee on History of the Emblem of the Codfish submitted its report, and after debating "at length" the House ordered "immediate removal of the ancient 'representation of a codfish' from its present position in the chamber recently vacated by the House, and to cause it to be suspendedVorlage:Nbsp... in this chamberVorlage:Nbsp..."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Ran
The Sacred Cod was wrapped in an American flag, placed on a bier, andVorlage:Mdashbescorted by the Sergeant-at-ArmsVorlage:Mdashbborne by House messengers to the new House chamber, where the assembled Representatives rose in applause.Vorlage:Ran After repainting by Walter M. Brackett, it was hung where it remains today: "between the two sets of central columns, and under the names 'Motley,' and 'Parkman',"Vorlage:HspVorlage:Ran above the chamber's clockVorlage:R and facing left as viewed from the floor of the chamber.Vorlage:Citation needed
It is sometimes said that the Cod is turned to face the political party currently in power,Vorlage:Refn but no such tradition was mentioned by the Committee.Vorlage:Ran
"Sacred Cod" nickname Bearbeiten
The Committee's report refers at one point to "the sacred emblem",Vorlage:Ran and while it was working an item appeared in the Boston Globe referring to the carving as "the Sacred Cod".Vorlage:Refn Within a few years authors, journalists, and advertisersVorlage:Mdashbeven those far from New EnglandVorlage:Mdashbwere using the term routinely.Vorlage:Refn The phrase quickly came to refer not only to the wooden Cod in the State House but to flesh-and-blood cod from the sea as well, especially as an item of commerce. At the 1908 convention of the Retail Grocers of the United States, held in Boston, one delegate recalled Vorlage:Quote Two years later the New Hampshire Board of Agriculture, bemoaning the counterfeiting of foodstuffs "famous for their distinctive properties or superior quality", warned that "haddock, hake, pollock, cusk, etc., are substituted indiscriminately in place of the sacred cod."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Refn In 1912 President William Howard Taft, in Boston, addressed a journalists' banquet in New York City "by long distance telephone from the home of the sacred cod".Vorlage:Refn And in 1922 historian Samuel Eliot Morison, emphasizing fishing's vital role in the colonial economy, wrote that "Puritan Massachusetts derived her ideals from a sacred book; her wealth and power from the sacred cod."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Refn
The famous doggerel poking fun at Boston's BrahminsVorlage:Mdash Vorlage:Quote Vorlage:Mdashparaphrases an earlier poem now little remembered: Vorlage:Quote
"Cod-napping" and other incidents Bearbeiten
Harvard Lampoon Bearbeiten
In an incident now referred to as "The Cod-napping" by State House officials,Vorlage:Refn on AprilVorlage:Nbsp26, 1933, members of the Harvard Lampoon (the Harvard College humor magazine) entered the House of Representatives gallery, cut down the Cod, and carried it away in an unusually large florist's box equipped with protruding decoy lilies.Vorlage:NoteTag
According to The New York TimesVorlage:Mdashbwhich reckoned the Cod's value to be "something less than nothing. As an object of art it is worthless"Vorlage:MdashbMassachusetts officials were "shocked into a condition bordering on speechlessness" by the theft,Vorlage:Refn "some legislators holding that it would be sacrilege to transact business without the emblem of the Commonwealth looking down upon them." (Nonetheless, at the appointed time "[House] Speaker [Leverett] Saltonstall looked mournfully at the vacant place and then banged the gavel. The first act of the House fitted the occasion. It passed to be engrossed a bill allowing the cold storage of swordfish.")Vorlage:R
Meanwhile, Boston mayor James Michael Curley received a telephone message: "Tell the Mayor that when the Sacred Cod is returned it will be wrapped in the municipal flag, now flying in front of City Hall. Try and catch us when we cop the flag. Lafayette Mulligan, we are here."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Refn "Indignant" police dragged the Charles RiverVorlage:R and, acting on a tip that a Lampoon editor had flown to New Jersey with the Cod, had the plane searched on landing; the tip turned out to be a red herring. Detectives followed "scores" of clues, one of which took them to a Cambridge box factory and from there to "collegiate circles".Vorlage:Refn "So much general interest was provoked that The Boston Transcript indulged in two columns of news, hearsay, and speculation upon the missing emblem," the Times further reported,Vorlage:R later referring to the Cod as Boston's "Palladium".Vorlage:Refn
Eventually a mysterious telephone call directed Harvard official Charles R. Apted to West Roxbury, where he was met by an automobile which he followed into some woods; there two young men, with collars up and hatbrims down, handed him the Cod (not wrapped in any flag) before speeding away.Vorlage:R In the early hours of AprilVorlage:Nbsp29, after repairs to three damaged fins, the Sacred Cod was re-hung in the House chamber, "six inches [15Vorlage:Nbspcm] higher [than] the reach of any individual. A stepladder will be needed to remove it in the future."Vorlage:HspVorlage:NoteTag
University of Massachusetts Bearbeiten
Using a stepladder, on NovemberVorlage:Nbsp14, 1968, students at the new Boston campus of the University of Massachusetts took the Sacred Cod in protest of perceived legislative indifference to their school. ("Sacred Cod gone from House perch", the Boston Globe alerted its readers.)[3] It was found days later in a little-used State House hallway.Vorlage:RefnVorlage:Refn
Greyhound replacement proposal Bearbeiten
In 1937 Representative John B. Wenzler offered a facetious proposal "that the sacred cod be immediately removed [from the House chamber], and a greyhound substituted in its place, as the 1937 Legislature has shown itself to be completely under the power of the dog track operators."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Refn Apted (whom the Boston Globe called "the superintendent of caretakers at Harvard and Harvard Cop No.Vorlage:Nbsp1") wrote to Wenzler: "As one who is, and was, very much interested in preserving [the Cod's] dignity, and furthermore having held it in my armsVorlage:Nbsp... I most respectfully ask a favor, that is: If the greyhound be substituted, that I be presented with the cod in order that it may be preserved for the future of young Americans."Vorlage:HspVorlage:Refn
World War II Bearbeiten
After the House of Representatives moved to its new chamber in 1895 the Massachusetts Senate, which took over the old House chamber, incorporated a fish figure (often dubbed the Holy Mackerel)Vorlage:R into the chandelier there, as a reminder of the Sacred Cod the Representatives had taken with them.Vorlage:Refn When officials of the World War II aluminum-for-defense driveVorlage:Mdashbmisinformed that the Sacred Cod was aluminumVorlage:Mdashbasked that it be donated to the war effort, House Speaker Christian Herter explained that the Cod had been created decades before aluminum's discovery, and suggested that the Holy Mackerel be considered for sacrifice instead.Vorlage:Refn Vorlage:Clear
Fußnoten Bearbeiten
- ↑ General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: Ch. 2 §13. In: Massachusetts General Law. General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, abgerufen am 15. Januar 2013.
- ↑ Massachusetts. General Court. House of Representatives. Committee on History of the Emblem of the Codfish: A History of the Emblem of the Codfish in the Hall of the House of Representatives. Compiled by a Committee of the House. Wright and Potter, Boston 1895, S. 3–4, 12. Im Original: “to investigate the significance of the emblem [which] has kept its place under all administrations, and has looked upon outgoing and incoming legislative assemblies, for more than one hundred years”
- ↑ William Fripp: Sacred Cod Gone from House Perch In: Boston Globe, November 16, 1968
Literatur Bearbeiten
- Massachusetts. General Court. House of Representatives. Committee on History of the Emblem of the Codfish.: A History of the Emblem of the Codfish in the Hall of the House of Representatives. Compiled by a Committee of the House. Wright and Potter, Boston 1895 (archive.org).
- Vorlage:Citation
Koordinaten fehlen! Hilf mit.
[[Category:1784 works]] [[Category:Animal monuments]] [[Category:Landmarks in Boston]] [[Category:Massachusetts culture]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Boston]] [[Category:Wooden sculptures in Massachusetts]] [[Category:1780s sculptures]] [[Category:Fish in art]]