Benutzer:131Platypi/Dreihundertfünfunddreißigjähriger Krieg
Der Dreihundertfünfunddreißigjährige Krieg (englisch Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War, niederländisch Driehonderdvijfendertigjarige Oorlog, kornisch Bell a dri hans pymthek warn ugens) war ein vermeintlich von 1651 bis 1986 bestehender Kriegszustand zwischen den Niederlanden und den zum Vereinigten Königreich gehörigen und südwestlich von Großbritannien liegenden Scilly-Inseln. Ob dieser Kriegszustand tatsächlich vorlag, ist umstritten. Die Vermutung stützt sich darauf, dass nach Beendigung des ersten Englisch-Niederländischen Kriegs vergessen wurde, die Scilly-Inseln in den Friedensvertrag einzubeziehen. Sollte ein Kriegszustand vorgelegen haben, so wäre der Krieg einer der längsten der Geschichte. Obendrein wäre er, da keine Kampfhandlungen stattfanden, ohne Opfer geblieben.
Unbeachtet der historischen Unklarheiten über die Gültigkeit der Kriegserklärung der Niederlande wurde 1986 ein Friedensvertrag zwischen den Niederlanden und den Scilly-Inseln geschlossen, sodass spätestens seitdem kein Krieg mehr herrscht.
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Origins Bearbeiten
The origins of the war can be found in the English Civil War, fought between the Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642 to 1651.[1] Oliver Cromwell had fought the Royalists to the edges of the Kingdom of England. In the West of Britain this meant that Cornwall was the last Royalist stronghold. In 1648, Cromwell pushed on until mainland Cornwall was in the hands of the Parliamentarians. The Royalist Navy was forced to retreat to the Isles of Scilly, which lay off the Cornish coast and were under the ownership of Royalist John Granville.[2]
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The navy of the United Provinces of the Netherlands was at the time allied with the Parliamentarians. The Netherlands had been assisted by the English under a number of rulers in the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), starting with Queen Elizabeth I. The Treaty of Münster (30 January 1648) had confirmed Dutch independence from Spain. The Netherlands sought to maintain their alliance with England and had chosen to ally with the Parliamentarians as the side likely to win the Civil War.[2]
The Dutch merchant navy was suffering heavy losses from the Royalist fleet based in Scilly. On 30 March 1651, Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp arrived in Scilly to demand reparation from the Royalist fleet for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them.[2]
According to Whitelocke's Memorials, a letter of 17 April 1651 explains: "Tromp came to Pendennis and related that he had been to Scilly to demand reparation for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them; and receiving no satisfactory answer, he had, according to his Commission, declared war on them." As most of England was now in Parliamentarian hands, war was declared specifically upon the Isles of Scilly.[3]
Royalist surrender Bearbeiten
In June 1651, soon after the declaration of war, the Parliamentarian forces under Admiral Robert Blake forced the Royalist fleet to surrender. The Dutch fleet, no longer under threat, left without firing a shot. Due to the obscurity of one nation's declaration of war against a small part of another, the Dutch did not officially declare peace.[2]
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For many years in the Isles of Scilly, the local legend was that the state of war was still in effect.[4] In 1986, Roy Duncan, historian and Chairman of the Isles of Scilly Council, decided to investigate and wrote to the Dutch Embassy in London. Embassy staff found that no peace treaty had ever been signed, and Duncan invited the Dutch ambassador Jonkheer Rein Huydecoper to visit the islands and officially end the "conflict". Peace was declared on 17 April 1986, 335 years after the supposed declaration of war. The Dutch ambassador joked that it must have been horrifying to the Scillonians "to know we could have attacked at any moment."[5]
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Bowley (2001) argues that the letter in Whitelocke's Memorials[6] is the probable origin of the "declaring war" legend: "Tromp had no 'Commission' from his government to declare war on the rebels in Scilly; but he did come to tryVorlage:Sndby a show of force, threats and even by violence perhaps, although this never happenedVorlage:Sndto seek reparation for Royalist piracies, but short of resorting to any action which might offend the Commonwealth even if [a war] had occurred in 1651, all matters pertaining would have been resolved in 1654 as a part of the treaty between England and the United Provinces at the end of the First Dutch War".[3]
The reality of this war is also disputed by Graeme Donald. In his book Loose Cannons: 101 Myths, Mishaps and Misadventurers of Military History he argues that no such war could have existed because neither side was sovereign: "Tromp was an admiral, not a nation, and Scilly part of England". He goes on to describe it as "a great PR coup for the island's tourist board".[7]
Einzelnachweise Bearbeiten
- ↑ Jay Hemmings: The Three Hundred & Thirty-Five Years' War – The Longest War in History. In: War History Online. 2. März 2019, abgerufen am 13. Mai 2019 (englisch).
- ↑ a b c d Fiona Young-Brown: The Longest War in the World Had No Casualties. In: Atlas Obscura. 19. Januar 2016, abgerufen am 4. April 2019.
- ↑ a b R. L. Bowley: Scilly at War. Bowley Publications Ltd., Isles of Scilly, UK 2001, ISBN 0-900184-34-5, S. 37, 38 & 65.
- ↑ Dutch Proclaim End of War Against Britain's Scilly Isles In: The New York Times, 18. April 1986. Abgerufen am 4. April 2019
- ↑ Vorlage:Cite magazine Vorlage:Subscription required
- ↑ Bulstrode Whitelocke: Lieut.-col. whitelocke. In: Notes and Queries. s7-VI. Jahrgang, Nr. 156, 22. Dezember 1888, ISSN 1471-6941, S. 487, doi:10.1093/nq/s7-vi.156.487e.
- ↑ Graeme Donald: Loose Cannons: 101 Things They Never Told You about Military History. 2011, ISBN 978-1-84908-649-3 (google.com [abgerufen am 21. August 2018]).
Bibliography Bearbeiten
- "Scilly peace". The Times, 19 April 1986.
Zusätzliche mögliche Quelle [1]
Weblinks Bearbeiten
- Steve Duncan: 335 Year War. In: Scilly Archive. Scilly News, 27. April 2004, abgerufen am 30. Juni 2022.
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[[Category:17th-century conflicts]] [[Category:18th-century conflicts]] [[Category:19th-century conflicts]] [[Category:20th-century conflicts]] [[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]] [[Category:English Civil War]] [[Category:History of Cornwall]] [[Category:History of the Isles of Scilly]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the Dutch Republic]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Netherlands–United Kingdom relations]] [[Category:1986 in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:1986 in the Netherlands]]