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Karte mit der geographischen Aufteilung des Byzantinischen Reiches nach dem Vierten Kreuzzug, 1204

Die Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae (lateinisch „Länderteilung des Romanischen Reiches“), oder Partitio regni Graeci („Teilung des Griechischen Reiches“), war ein nach der Eroberung von Konstantinopel (1204) geschlossenes Abkommen zwischen den Teilnehmern des Vierten Kreuzzugs über die Teilung des Byzantinischen Reichs. Es entstanden das Lateinische Kaiserreich sowie als byzantinische Nachfolgestaaten das Kaiserreich Nikaia, das Kaiserreich Trapezunt sowie das Despotat Epirus. Neben dem Chrysobull des Alexios III. von 1198 stellt die Partitio Romaniae die Hauptquelle für die administrative Unterteilung des Byzantinischen Reichs dar. Sie gibt auch Auskunft über die Gebiete, welche zu dieser Zeit noch unter byzantinischer Herrschaft standen.

Überlieferung

Der Vertrag ist in mehreren venezianischen Manuskripten überliefert: im Liber Albus (fols. 34ff.), Liber Pactorum (Vol. I, fols. 246ff.; Vol. II, fols. 261ff.), Codex Sancti Marci (284, folio 3), und in den Muratorii codices Ambrosiani I und II. Die erste kritische Ausgabe der Texte erstellten 1856 Gottlieb Tafel und Georg Thomas für die damalige Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.. 1965 veröffentlichte A. Carile eine Textausgabe mit Kommentar.

Hintergrund

Im März 1204, kurz vor der Eroberung von Konstantinopel (1204), schlossen Enrico Dandolo, der Dogen von Venedig, Markgraf Bonifatius von Montferrat, Graf Balduin I. von Flandern und Graf Ludwig von Blois ein vorläufiges Abkommen, in welchem sie die Länder des Byzantinischen Reichs zukünftig unter sich aufteilten. Der Text des Abkommens ist unter den Akten von Papst Innozenz III. überliefert. Demzufolge würden die Venezianer ihre vom oströmischen Kaiser verliehenen Privilegien weiter behalten. Ein zu gleichen Anteilen aus Venezianern und Kreuzfahrern zusammengesetztes Kollegium sollte nach der Eroberung Konstantinopels den Kaiser des Lateinischen Kaiserreichs wählen. Diesem stünden ein Viertel des gesamten byzantinischen Gebietes zu, sowie der Blachernen- und Bukoleon-Palast in der Stadt. Die übrigen drei Viertel sollten zu gleichen Teilen zwischen Venedig und den übrigen Kreuzfahrern aufgeteilt werden. Am 9. Mai wurde Balduin von Flandern zum Lateinischen Kaiser gewählt. Dem Chronisten Gottfried von Villehardouin zufolge sollte Bonifatius die Gebiete um den Bosporus und das Marmarameer „nach der Türkei hin“ und „die griechische Insel“ erhalten. Um den offenbar Unzufriedenen zu besänftigen, überließ Balduin ihm stattdessen das Königreich Thessaloniki.

Nach Heyd, Zakythinos und Carlie Ende September oder Anfang Oktober 1204, nach Oikonomides gleich nach der Eroberung im April oder Mai 1204 verfasste ein Kommittee von 12 Venezianern und 12 anderen Kreuzfahrern das Abkommen. Aufgrund ihrer genauen Landeskenntnis spielte Venedig in den Verhandlungen die Hauptrolle. Viele der letztlich beschlossenen Übereinkünfte gehen auf einen Chrysobull des byzantinischen Kaisers Alexios III Angelos von 1198 zurück. Demnach erhielt der lateinische Kaiser die direkte Kontrolle über ein Viertel des byzantinischen Territoriums, drei Achtel des Reichsgebiets sowie drei Achtel des Satdtgebiets von Konstantiniopel einschließlich der Hagia Sophia standen Venedig zu, die restlichen drei Achtel sollten den anderen Kreuzfahrer-Anführern zugeteilt werden. Auf dem Boden dieser teilung wäre venedig zur dominierenden Macht im Lateinischen Reich aufgestiegen. Entsprechend nannte sich der Doge von Venedig nun: „Dominator quartae et dimidiae partis totius Romaniae – Herrscher von anderthalb Viertelteilen ganz Romaniens“.

Bestimmungen zu einzelnen Gebieten

Die Territorien wurden aufgeteilt in den Anteil des Dogen und der Commune Veneciarum (pars domini Ducis et communis Venetiae), dem Anteil des lateinischen Kaisers (pars domini Imperatoris), und dem der Pilger oder Kreuzfahrer (pars Peregrinorum).

Lateinischer Text	Übersetzung	Anteil	Region	Kommentar
Civitas Archadiopoli. Missini. Bulgarofigo. Pertinentia Archadiopoli.	Die Städte Arcadiopolis, Mesene, Bulgarophygon, als teil der episkepsis von Arcadiopolis	Venedig	Ostthrakien	Im Chrysobull von 1198 als Teil der Episkepsis von Messene, Arcadiopolis und Bulgarophygon.
Pertinentia Putis/Pucis et NicodimiVorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of PoutzaVorlage:Sfn and "Nicodimi"	Venice	Eastern Thrace	"Nicodimi" remains unidentified; Carile suggested an identification with the town and bishopric of Nike.Vorlage:Sfn
Civitas Heraclee/Yraclee.Vorlage:Sfn	the city of Heraclea PerinthusVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia Chalkidos, cum civitate Rodosto et Panido, cum omnibus, que sub ipsis.	the episkepsis of ChalcisVorlage:Sfn with the cities of RaidestosVorlage:Sfn and Panidos with all their dependencies	Venice	Eastern Thrace
Civitas Adrianopoli cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the city of AdrianopleVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn with its dependencies	Venice	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia Gani.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of GanosVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Eastern Thrace
Casale Chortocop[l]i. Casalia Chotriki, Kerasea, Miriofitum.Vorlage:Sfn	the settlements of Chortokopeion, Chortriki, Kerasia,Vorlage:Sfn and MyriophytonVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Eastern Thrace	Chortokopeion (Χορτοκόπειον) is known from a document from Mount Athos dating to the mid-11th century, but its exact location remains unknown. It was probably located east of Apros, on a crossing of the roads leading from Gallipoli to Adrianople and from Kypsela to Raidestos.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Chotriki (Χοτρικί) otherwise unattested, possibly identical with Vorlage:Ill.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Peristasi.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of PeristasisVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia Brachioli.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Branchialion	Venice	Eastern Thrace	Location not certain, but close to modern İnceburun. Attested in the 1198 chrysobull, a Catalan portolan from Vorlage:Circa, and in later Byzantine sources.Vorlage:Sfn
Casalia de Raulatis et Examilii. Emporium Sagudai.Vorlage:Sfn	the settlements of Raulaton, Hexamilion,Vorlage:Sfn and Sagoudaous	Venice	Thracian Chersonese	Location of Raulaton (χωρίον τῶν Ῥαουλάτων) not certain, probably close to Hexamilion at the base of the Thracian Chersonese (Gallipoli peninsula). Its name likely refers to the Raoul family.Vorlage:Sfn The location of the settlement (emporion) of Sagoudaous (Σαγουδάους) or Sagoude (Σαγούδη) is attested as a port and warehouse in 1152. Its location is not clear, but must have lain in the northern part of the Gallipoli Peninsula, or near Ainos.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia GallipoliVorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of KallipolisVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Thracian Chersonese
Lazu et LactuVorlage:Sfn	Lazou and Laktou	Venice	Eastern Thrace	Both Lazou (Λάζου) and Laktou (Λάκτου) are otherwise unattested; from their location in the text they must have been in the neighbourhood of Kallipolis.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia de Muntimanis et Sigopotamo, cum omnibus, que sub ipsis.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Mountimanoi and the Sigos River with their dependencies	Venice	Thracian Chersonese	The ἐπίσκεψις τῶν Μουντιμάνων is not elsewhere attested, but was probably located in the south of the Thracian Chersonese.Vorlage:Sfn The Sigos River is likely to be identified with the modern Kavakaltı Dere or, less likely, the Çeşme Dere, in the southern Gallipoli Peninsula.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Lakedemonie, micra et megali episkepsis, i.e. parva et magna providentia. Kalabrita.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Lacedaemonia and the minor and major episkepseis therein, and the town of Kalavryta	Venice	Peloponnese	The province of Lacedaemonia is not otherwise known, but is evidently equivalent to the region of Laconia.Vorlage:Sfn
Ostrovos.Vorlage:Sfn	the town of Ostrovos	Venice	Western Macedonia	Most likely the namesake town in Macedonia, but also possibly an unknown location of the same name in the Peloponnese.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Oreos. Caristos.Vorlage:Sfn	the towns of Oreos and Karystos	Venice	Euboea	Karystos is already mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, but Oreos, other than being a bishop's seat, was undistinguished at the time.Vorlage:Sfn
Andrus.Vorlage:Sfn	the island of Andros	Venice	Cyclades
Egina et Culuris.Vorlage:Sfn	the islands of Aegina and Salamis	Venice	Saronic Gulf	The islands of Aegina and Salamis were greatly impoverished and havens for pirates.Vorlage:Sfn
Zachintos et Kefalinia.Vorlage:Sfn	the islands of Zakynthos and Cephalonia	Venice	Ionian Islands	Cephalonia and Zakynthos had been captured already during the last Norman invasion in 1185, and are usually held to have since then formed a county palatine, initially under Margaritus of Brindisi, and ruled in 1204 by Matthew Orsini.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn However, Orsini's rule is not based on documentary evidence, but on Karl Hopf's conjectures, and A. Kiesewetter proposes that Maio di Monopoli (alias Matthew Orsini) may have taken control of the islands in 1206 from the Byzantines, who had recovered them since Margaritus's demise in 1294.
Provintia Colonie Conchilari. Canisia.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Koloneia, Chlerenon, and Kanina	Venice	Epirus	Tafel and Thomas proposed a series of emendations and identifications to "Colonie cum Cycladibus. Nisia.", with "Colonie" possibly a reference to the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion (after which Cape Sounion was known as Capo Colonne), "Cycladibus" a reference to the Cyclades, and "Nisia" identified as Naxos island.Vorlage:Sfn This was rejected by Th. Menke and Jean Longnon, who emended the text to read "Provintia Colonie cum Chilari, Canisia.", i.e. Koloneia in Epirus, Kjari, and Konitsa, while Dionysios Zakythinos proposed identifying "Chilari" with Chlerenon, and "Canisia" with Kanina.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Lopadi.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of "Lopadi"	Venice	Aegean Islands or Northern Asia Minor (?)	Tafel and Thomas proposed identifying Lopadi as the island of Levitha,Vorlage:Sfn but according to Zakythinos it is equally likely to refer to Lopadion in Mysia, which is attested as an episkepsis in the 1198 chrysobull, since portions of the text have evidently been moved around so that they no longer correspond to their original arrangement by geographic proximity.Vorlage:Sfn Carile finds the identification with Lopadion less likely, however.Vorlage:Sfn
Orium Patron et Methonis, cum omnibus suis, scilicet pertinentiis de Brana. Pertinentia de Cantacuzino, et cum villis Kyreherinis, filie Imperatoris Kyrialexii, cum villis de Molineti, de Pantocratora, et de ceteris monasteriorum, sive quibusdam villis, que sunt in ipsis, scilicet de micra et megali episkepsi, i.e. parva et magna pertinentia.Vorlage:Sfn	the horion of Patras and Methone with its dependencies, namely the estates of the Branas and Kantakouzenos families, the estates of kyra Irene, daughter of Emperor kyr Alexios III, and the estates of "Molineti", of "Pantokrator" and other monasteries	Venice	Peloponnese	The horion of Patras and Methone probably occupied the entire western half of the Peloponnese.Vorlage:Sfn The name "Molineti" is evidently associated with windmills; two medieval locations correspond to this, both of them in modern Pylia.Vorlage:Sfn The location or identity of "Pantokrator" are unknown.Vorlage:Sfn
Nicopolla, cum pertinentia de Arta, de Achello, de Anatolico, de Lesianis, et de ceteris archondorum et monasteriorum.Vorlage:Sfn	Nicopolis with the episkepseis of Arta and Achelous, of Anatoliko, Lesiana, "and of other archons and monasteries"Vorlage:Sfn	Venice	Epirus	The "other archons" are probably those mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, namely members of the imperial dynasty: the "most fortunate" sebastokratores and Caesars, the daughters of the Emperor and the Augusta (Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera, wife of Alexios III).Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Dirachii et Arbani, cum chartolaratis de Glavinitza, de Bagenetia.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of DyrrhachiumVorlage:Sfn and Arbanon,Vorlage:Sfn with the chartoularata of GlavinitsaVorlage:Sfn and VagenetiaVorlage:Sfn	Venice	Epirus	Dyrrhachium was occupied by Venice in 1205 and became the centre of the short-lived "Duchy of Durazzo".
Provintia de Gianina. Provintia Drinopoli.Vorlage:Sfn	the provinces of Ioannina and Dryinopolis	Venice	Epirus
Provintia Achridi.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Ohrid	Venice	Western Macedonia
Leukas et Coripho.Vorlage:Sfn	the islands of Lefkada and Corfu	Venice	Ionian Islands
A Porta aurea et Blachernali et occidentali Steno usque ad Midiam et Agathopoli. Similiter et ab ipsa civitate Vizoi usque ad Zurlo et TheodoropoliVorlage:Sfn	from the Golden Gate and Blachernae and the western shore of the Bosporus, up to Mideia and Agathopolis on the Black Sea coast. Likewise from Bizye to Tzurulon and Theodoropolis on the Sea of Marmara	Emperor	Eastern Thrace	The points mentioned in the beginning define the circumference of Constantinople, from the main ceremonial gate in the southwestern part of the land walls to the northwestern quarter of Blachernae on the shore of the Golden Horn, and the "Narrows" (Stenon) of the Bosporus.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Optimati.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Optimatoi	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor	The theme of the Optimatoi encompassed the parts of Asia Minor closest to Constantinople, with Nicomedia as its capital. Its mention apart from Nicomedia in 1204 may be the result of a confusion by the Latin writers, but both the rest of the Partitio and the 1198 chrysobull indicate a breaking up of the province sometime in the 12th century into smaller districts. In 1198, a separate "province of Mesothynia" is mentioned along with the "province of Nicomedia", which is absent in 1204.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Provintia Nicomidie.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Nicomedia	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor
Provintia Tharsie, Plusiade, et Metavolis cum Servochoriis, et cum omnibus, que sub ipsis.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Tarsia, Plousias, and Metabole, along with Servochoria and all their dependencies	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor	Tarsia, on the eastern bank of the Sangarios, and Metabole, probably south of Lake Sapanca, historically belonged to the Optimatoi, whereas Plousias to the Bucellarian Theme. The "Servochoria" (Σερβοχώρια) is the area where Emperor John II Komnenos settled the Serbs in 1129/30.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Paflagonie et Vucellarii.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Paphlagonia and the Bucellarians	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor	The Bucellarian Theme was established Vorlage:Circa, and Paphlagonia was created as a distinct theme from it sometime in the early 9th century. It is likely that the themes of the Bucellarians and Paphlagonia had been administratively unified—unclear when or for how long—for defensive purposes, a recurrent practice in Byzantine history.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Oenoei et Sinopii et Pabrei.Vorlage:Sfn	Oenoe and Sinope and Pavrae	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor	Formerly part of the Armeniac Theme, these three important coastal cities are often mentioned in conjunction with Turkish raids during the 12th century.Vorlage:Sfn
Mitilini.Vorlage:Sfn	the island of Lesbos	Emperor	Aegean Islands
Limni cum Skiro, et que sunt infra Avidum insule, scilicet Priconiso et cetera, cum Strovilo.Vorlage:Sfn	the islands of Lemnos and Skyros, and the islands this side of Abydos (i.e., in the Sea of Marmara), namely Proconnesus and the others, with Strobilos	Emperor	Aegean Islands and Sea of Marmara
Samos et Tinos cum Samandrakio.Vorlage:Sfn	the islands of Samos and Tinos with Samothrace	Emperor	Aegean Islands
Provintia de Pilon, de Pithion, de Keramon.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Pylae, Pythia, and Kerama	Emperor	Asia Minor	In the 1198 chrysobull, the episkepsis of Pylae and Pythia is mentioned, formerly part of the theme of the Optimatoi. The identity and location of Kerama is unknown, unless it is a misspelling for Germia, attested as a toponym in the area of Mysia.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Provintia Malagini.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Malagina	Emperor	Northern Asia Minor	Malagina was the first army assembly point and camp (aplekton) for imperial expeditions in Asia Minor, and the site of major imperial horse farms. It was raised to a distinct administrative unit under the Komnenian emperors, due to its importance and exposure to Turkish raids.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Achirai.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Achyraous	Emperor	Western Asia Minor	The province is only mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull and Partitio, and probably encompassed the northern part of the Thracesian Theme.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Adramitii, de Chilariis et de Pergamis. Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Adramyttium, Chliara, and Pergamon	Emperor	Western Asia Minor	According to Niketas Choniates, the theme of Neokastra originally encompassed the cities of Adramyttium, Chliara, and Pergamon, after they were refortified by Manuel I Komnenos. However, these cities are mentioned separately from the province both in the 1198 chrysobull and in the Partitio. Helene Ahrweiler interpreted the evidence to suggest that Neokastra did indeed originally encompass the three cities, but that in 1198 Adramyttion may have formed a separate district, and that the separation between the cities and the province evidenced in the Partitio was the result of a copyist's error.
Provintia Neocastron.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Neokastra	Emperor	Western Asia Minor
Provintia Milasi et Melanudi.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Mylasa and Melanoudion	Emperor	Western Asia Minor
Provintia Laodikie et Meandri, cum pertinentia Sampson et Samakii, cum Contostephanatis, cum Camizatis et ceteris atque Chio.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Laodicea and the Maeander, with the district of Sampson and Samakion, with the estates of the Kontostephanos and the Kamytzes families and other places, as well as Chios	Emperor	Western Asia Minor and Aegean Islands	Some scholars, including Carile,Vorlage:Sfn emend "Samakii" to "ta Malachii", identifying it with the Byzantine village of Malachiou (possibly modern Atburgazı) near Mycale, but as Peter Thonemann points out, the locality of Samakion is mentioned in the Life of St. Lazaros of Galesion.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia micra et megali Brissi.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Little and Great Brysis	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia Gehenna.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of GehennaVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Civitas Panfili, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the city of PamphylosVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn with all its dependencies	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia Culi.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of KouleVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	The settlement of Koule (Κούλη) is mentioned by Anna Komnene as lying to the east of Pamphylos.Vorlage:Sfn
Civitas Apri, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the city of AprosVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn with all its dependencies	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Didimochium, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the city of DidymoteichonVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn with all its dependencies	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia de Kipsali/Cypsellam.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of KypselaVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia de Garelli.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of GarellaVorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia de Lebuecho/Lebucto.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of KedouktosVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	Tafel and Thomas proposed the emendation to "Ceducto", i.e., the plain of Kedouktos.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia de Bira.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of BeraVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	Bera was chiefly notable for the Theotokos Kosmosoteira Monastery established by the sebastokrator Isaac Komnenos; in the 1150s it was still described as void of people or dwellings.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Macri et Traianopoli, cum casali de Brachon.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of MakriVorlage:Sfn and Trajanopolis,Vorlage:Sfn with the settlement of Brachon	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	The area traditionally belonged to the theme of Macedonia, with Makri lying at the boundary with the theme of Boleron to the west.Vorlage:Sfn Brachon is otherwise unknown; as a misreading of "Blachon", it may refer to the Monastery of the Saviour "of Blachon" near Ainos).Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Scifis et Pagadi, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of "Scifis" and "Pagadi" with its dependencies	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	The identification of Scifis and Pagadi (probably from πηγάδι, "well") is disputed. Tafel and others equated Scifis with Tzympe, which then would locate Pagadi between Tzympe and Madytos,Vorlage:Sfn while others suggest locating both on the eastern bank of the lower Maritsa river near Ainos.Vorlage:Sfn Zakythinos proposed an identification of Scifis with the "village of Sophous" attested in the typikon of the Theotokos Kosmosoteira Monastery.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Maditi, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of MadytosVorlage:Sfn with its dependencies	Crusaders	Thracian Chersonese
Icalotichas, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa, i.e. Anafartus, Tinsaccos, Iplagia, Potamia et Aacros/Aatios, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	Koila Teichos with its dependencies: Anaphartos,Vorlage:Sfn Tinsakkos, Plagia,Vorlage:Sfn Potamia, and Aatios or Aacros	Crusaders	Thracian Chersonese	Koila Teichos is most likely identifiable with the Long Wall running at the base of the Thracian Chersonese at Agora. Zakythinos proposed an identification with the Anastasian Wall, but this does not fit the geography.Vorlage:Sfn The exact identity or locations of Tinsakkos,Vorlage:Sfn Potamia,Vorlage:Sfn and Aacros/AatiosVorlage:Sfn are unknown, but lay on the Chersonese, just as the remaining locations.
Pertinentia de Phitoto/Plit[h]oto.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of "P[l]ithoto"	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	Exact location unknown, possibly identical with Polyboton near modern Keşan.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia de Galanatom.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Galataria	Crusaders	Thracian Chersonese?	Exact location unknown, possibly a bishopric and town near Kallipolis.Vorlage:Sfn
Molinoto/Moliboton.Vorlage:Sfn	the town of Molinoto/Moliboton	Crusaders	Thracian Chersonese?	Exact location unknown, probably on the Thracian Chersonese; earlier suggestions identified it with Polyboton or the small monastery of St. Nicholas near the Golden Gate, but do not fit the context.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia de Jalocastelli/Hyalo Castelli.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Hyelokastellion	Crusaders	Thracian Chersonese?	The name Ὑελοκαστέλλιον means "glass castle". Its exact location is unknown, but is attested as a coastal site during the revolt of Andronikos Lapardas in 1183. Likely on the Thracian Chersonese.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Sirolefki/Sitoleuchi.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of "Sirolefki"	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	Tafel and Thomas suggested an identification with Silta near Selymbria,Vorlage:Sfn but this does not fit the geographical context, which suggests proximity to Ainos.Vorlage:Sfn
Catepanikium de Eno, cum apothikis.Vorlage:Sfn	the katepanikion of Ainos,Vorlage:Sfn along with its warehouses	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	The warehouses denoted the public warehouses (analogous to the old Roman horrea), managed by the fisc.Vorlage:Sfn
Catepanikium de Russa, cum omnibus, que sub ipsa.Vorlage:Sfn	the katepanikion of Rusion,Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn with its dependencies	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace
Pertinentia de Ag[r]iovivario.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Hagios Bibarios	Crusaders	Eastern Thrace	The name probably derives from agrion bibarion, "wild fish-lake", indicating a location at or near the modern Lake Gala National Park.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Provintia Vardarii.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of the Vardar River	Crusaders	Western Macedonia	The province is otherwise unattested. According to Zakythinos, it appears to be related to the Vardariotes, a group of Turkic people, mostly Magyars, settled in the area in previous centuries.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Verye, cum cartularatis tam Dobrochubisti, quam et Sthlanitza.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Veroia with the chartoularata of Dobrochoubista and Sthlanitsa	Crusaders	Western Macedonia	Tafel and Thomas suggested emending Dobrochubista to Drogubitia,Vorlage:Sfn and were followed by some other scholars, but the district is well attested elsewhere, including in the 1198 chrysobull.Vorlage:Sfn Sthlanitsa is likewise attested by Anna Komnene and Theophylact of Ohrid.Vorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Girocomion.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis allotted to the upkeep of the old-age care homes	Crusaders	Western Macedonia
Pertinentia Platamonos.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Platamon	Crusaders	Western Macedonia/Thessaly
Pertinentia Moliscu et Moglenon.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Moliskos and Moglena	Crusaders	Western Macedonia
Pertinentia Prilapi et Pelagonie cum Stano.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Prilapos and Pelagonia with Stanos	Crusaders	Western Macedonia	Stanos as a toponym is well attested and mentioned frequently along with Pelagonia, Prilapos, Soskos, and Moliskos.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Presepe et Dodecanisos.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Prespes and the Cyclades	Crusaders	Western Macedonia and Aegean Islands	The term "Dodekanesos" ("Twelve Islands") first appears in Byzantine sources in the 8th century as a naval command encompassing the southern Aegean Sea. The term remained in use throughout the medieval period for the Cyclades, and only in the 19th/20th centuries became transferred to the modern Dodecanese.Vorlage:Sfn Its placement in the text is unusual, lying between areas of continental Greece; perhaps the result of a scribal error or, according to Jean Longnon, a result of a trade, whereby Ostrovos, originally claimed by the Crusaders, and the Cyclades, claimed by Venice, were exchanged (apart from Andros and Tinos), thus explaining the unexpected placement of both entries in the text of the treaty.Vorlage:Sfn
Orion Larisse.Vorlage:Sfn	the horion of Larissa	Crusaders	Thessaly
Provintia Blachie cum personalibus et monasterialibus in eis existentibus.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Vlachia with the private and monastic properties existing in itVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Thessaly
Provintia Servion.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Servia	Crusaders	Western Macedonia
Provintia Castorie et provintia Deavoleos.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Kastoria and the province of Deabolis	Crusaders	Western Macedonia
Pertinentia Imperatricis, scilicet Vesna, Fersala, Domocos, Revenica, duo Almiri, cum Demetriadi.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of the Empress, namely Vesaina,Vorlage:Sfn Pharsala,Vorlage:Sfn Domokos,Vorlage:Sfn Grebenika or Rebenika, the two Halmyroi,Vorlage:Sfn with DemetriasVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Thessaly	The Empress is probably Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera, wife of Alexios III.Vorlage:Sfn Grebenika or Rebenika is probably a location at or near the river Rebenikos, originating in the Cynoscephalae Hills in northern Thessaly.Vorlage:Sfn)
Pertinentia Neopatron.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of NeopatrasVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Thessaly	Not previously mentioned as an administrative unit.Vorlage:Sfn
Provintia Velechative/Velicati.Vorlage:Sfn	the province of Velechativa	Crusaders	Thessaly	Mentioned in the 1198 chrysobull, tentatively equated with the area of settlement of the Belegezites near Demetrias and Phthiotic Thebes. Zakythinos proposes an additional identification with the toponym of "Levachata", attested in 1289 near Halmyros.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Pertinentia Petritoniclis/Petrion Vietts/videlicet. Dipotamon. Cala[n]con/Talantum.Vorlage:Sfn	the episkepsis of Petrai, namely Dipotamon and Atalanti?	Crusaders	Thessaly	Tafel and Thomas emend the beginning to read "Petrion. Kelliae.", identifying the former with the Nea Petra Monastery and the latter with the area in Mount Ossa mentioned by Anna Komnene.Vorlage:Sfn Zakythinos rejected this reading in favour of the videlicet ("namely") of the Ambrosianus I manuscript.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn The location of Petrai (plural) is unknown.Vorlage:Sfn "Dipotamon" (Διπόταμον, "Two Rivers") may be located between the rivers Pineios and Rabenikos in northern Thessaly, and perhaps to be identified with the kleisoura (defile) of Libotanion, known from the time of Alexios I Komnenos.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn Tafel and Thomas identify Calacon as the genitive of Galaza, a suffragan of the Metropolis of Neopatras,Vorlage:Sfn while Zakythinos suggests either the reading Kalamos, or, from the variant "Talantum" in the Codex Sancti Marci, Atalanti.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn
Pazi/Pazima et Radovisidon, et orium Athenarum, cum pertinentia Megarum.Vorlage:Sfn	Pazi/Pazima and Radobisdion,Vorlage:Sfn and the horion of Athens, with the episkepsis of MegaraVorlage:Sfn	Crusaders	Thessaly and Attica	The identity and location of Pazi/Pazima are unknown.Vorlage:Sfn Tafel and Thomas suggest the town and bishopric of Stagoi in Thessaly,Vorlage:Sfn while Carile suggested the bishopric of Patzouna, known only as a suffragan of the Metropolis of Larissa.Vorlage:Sfn

Observations

Based on the forms of the names, the source material for the compilation of the treaty was in Greek, while the prevalence of fiscal terms like episkepsis points to the use of the cadastral and tax registers of the central Byzantine administration.Vorlage:SfnVorlage:Sfn

Several areas are left out of the Partitio. In Europe, the lands of Macedonia and Western Thrace, between the Maritsa and Vardar rivers, as well as the northeastern Peloponnese, Boeotia, and central Euboea, are absent. These were lands assigned to Boniface of Montferrat, and thus evidently excluded from the general partition. This fact also helps to assign the terminus post quem for the treaty, namely the agreement of 16 May 1204 between Boniface and Baldwin of Flanders that established the Kingdom of Thessalonica.Vorlage:Sfn

As Zakythinos points out, the territorial division shown in the Partitio and in the 1198 chrysobull for Asia Minor is much more conservative, and reflects far closer the "traditional" thematic structure than in the European provinces.Vorlage:Sfn On the other hand, the two documents differ considerably in the extent of territory they mention: the 1198 chrysobull contains the central and northern portions of western Asia Minor, but also the southern shore with Attaleia, Cilicia, and even Antioch, whereas in the Partitio, includes the Black Sea shore from Paphlagonia up to Pavrae.Vorlage:Sfn

Effects

The Partitio Romaniae initiated the period of the history of Greece known as Frankokratia or Latinokratia ("Frankish/Latin rule"), where Catholic West European nobles, mostly from France and Italy, established states on former Byzantine territory and ruled over the mostly Orthodox native Byzantine Greeks. The provisions of the Partitio Romaniae were not fully carried out; much of the Byzantine realm fell into the hands not of the crusaders who had sacked the capital but of the local Byzantine Greek nobles, who established the Byzantine successor states of the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, while the Crusaders also squabbled among themselves. The Latin Empire itself, consisting of the area surrounding Constantinople, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmara was also drawn into a disastrous conflict with the powerful Second Bulgarian Empire. Latin rule became most firmly established and lasted longest in southern Greece (the Principality of Achaea and the Duchy of Athens), as well as the Aegean islands, which came largely under the control of Venice.

Literatur

• Vorlage:ODB
• A. Carile: Partitio terrarum imperii Romanie. In: Studi Veneziani. 7. Jahrgang, 1965, S. 125–305. 
• Benjamin Hendrickx: Les duchés de l’Empire latin de Constantinople après 1204: origine, structures et statuts. (deutsch: The Duchies of the Latin Empire of Constantinople after 1204. Origin, Structures and Statutes). In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. 93. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, 2015, S. 303–328, doi:10.3406/rbph.2015.8837 (französisch, persee.fr). 
• Vorlage:Tabula Imperii Byzantini
• Vorlage:Tabula Imperii Byzantini
• Ljubomir Maksimović: The Byzantine Provincial Administration under the Palaiologoi. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 978-90-256-0968-9. 
• Vorlage:Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
• Nicolas Oikonomidès: Byzantium from the Ninth Century to the Fourth Crusade: Studies, Texts, Monuments. Aldershot 1992, ISBN 978-0-86078-321-3, La décomposition de l'empire byzantin à la veille de 1204 et les origines de l'empire de Nicée : à propos de la « Partitio Romaniae », S. 3–28 (französisch, [1976]). 
• Şerban Marin: Dominus quartae partis et dimidiae totius imperii Romaniae: The Fourth Crusade and the Dogal Title in the Venetian Chronicles' Representation. In: Quaderni della Casa Romena di Venezia. 3. Jahrgang, 2004, S. 119–150 (academia.edu). 
• Vorlage:Tabula Imperii Byzantini
• Vorlage:Tabula Imperii Byzantini
• Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel, Georg Martin Thomas: Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante: Vom neunten bis zum Ausgang des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. 1. Theil (814–1205). Kaiserlich-Königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1856 (mdz-nbn-resolving.de). 
• Peter Thonemann: The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011, ISBN 978-1-107-00688-1 (google.com). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 17. Jahrgang, 1941, S. 208–274 (griechisch, handle.net). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 18. Jahrgang, 1948, S. 42–62 (griechisch, handle.net). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 19. Jahrgang, 1949, S. 3–25 (griechisch, handle.net). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 21. Jahrgang, 1951, S. 179–209 (griechisch, handle.net). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 22. Jahrgang, 1952, S. 159–182 (griechisch). 
• Dionysios Zakythinos: Μελέται περὶ τῆς διοικητικῆς διαιρέσεως καὶ τῆς ἐπαρχιακῆς διοικήσεως ἐν τῷ Βυζαντινῷ κράτει. (deutsch: Studies on the administrative division and provincial administration in the Byzantine state). In: Ἐπετηρίς Ἐταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν. 25. Jahrgang, 1955, S. 127–157 (griechisch). 

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